Patterns of Subsistence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Patterns of Subsistence - Essay Example g, collecting or hunting for food, pastoralists acquire food from domesticated animals, horticulture is the method of plant cultivation which is non-industrial, agriculture is the production of food on a certain location for a long period of time, and industrialism is for societies that are not involved in processes of food production. Foraging is the oldest of all the human subsistence patterns. It dates back to 10,000 years ago when all the human societies depended upon hunting wild animals and searching for wild plants to survive upon. Till the 20th century, this had been a pattern of subsistence in some societies especially in areas such as tropical forests and deserts which were environmentally marginal areas. Foragers always depend on the environment for their resources. They don’t plant or domesticate animals and depend on their own manpower to carry out their subsistence tasks. The labor is done by families or friends in small groups. These societies don’t have an occupational choice and it is definite that the man would be the animal hunter and the woman would be the gatherer of plants (Prins, 2010). Pastoralism is a pattern of subsistence where people domesticate large herds of animals to make their living. Pastoralists would tend to domesticate different species and types of animals according to the region in which they are living. Most of these animals are herbivores that eat grasses. Horses are common specie for pastoralists in Central Asia while in East Africa, cattle is the common specie. In southwest Asia the animals are sheep and goats and in lowland areas of East Africa and Southwest Asia, camels are the common specie (Prins, 2010). Pastoralists usually depend upon the temperatures and conditions of the atmosphere according to which they change their system. Horticulture is the pattern of subsistence where low intensity and small scale farming takes place. This strategy involves planting and domesticating small animals that are raised for

The National School Lunch Program Essay Example for Free

The National School Lunch Program Essay The National School Lunch Program is a meal and nutritional program funded by the United States government, for the benefit of children in school all over the country. The program provides balanced and nutritious foods prepared and sold for reasonable amount money or given free to children in public and private schools, and other institutions of childcare. The eligibility of children that are included in the program is dependent on the average income of the household and capacity to sustain the dietary and nutritional needs of their children. The program is managed both in the federal and state level of the country, where the federal level is handled by the staff of the Food and Nutrition Service, and on the other hand, the state level is handled by the educational agencies and organizations of the state. The preparation of food and its contents are based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. It must also provide minerals and vitamins guided by the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In addition to this, the staff of educational institutions is also trained to prepare for high-quality balanced and nutritional meals for the children. The U. S Department of Agriculture (USDA) supports the program by giving out cash subsidies and donations of supplies and merchandises to participating educational institutions, as long as they follow the guidelines for the balanced and nutritional needs of children. (USDA, 2007a) The USDA usually gives cash subsidies to educational institutions for the program and spends the following amount of money for each meal: $3. 15 for a free lunch and snack, $2. 41 for reduced prices of a lunch and snack, and $0. 9 for a paid lunch and snack. (USDA, 2007a) The amount of reimbursements given to each educational institution varies every year based on the changes and adjustments guided by the increase or decrease rates of the Consumer Price Index provided by the Bureau Labor of Statistics. (USDA, 2007b) Aside from the cash reimbursements, educational institutions also receive goods and food merchandises amounting to 16. 75 cents per meal. In 2006 alone, the total sum of money spent for the program amounted to $8. 2 billion. (USDA, 2007a) The National Lunch Program harbors effects to the well-being of children and the behavior and attitude of the family towards it. A recent study revealed that there is little or no effect generated from the implementation of the program such that children do not actually need to follow the program because they are already receiving balanced and nutritional meals outside the premises of the educational institution. In addition to this, the family members might not be motivated to prepare additional meals for their children because they know the educational institution is providing this for them. The program serves as a replacement for the food they are preparing for the children, and because of this, the family members will not look for other alternatives to suffice for the nutritional needs of their children. (Dunifon Kowaleski-Jones, 2004) According to the program assessment conducted by the U. S. Government, the program was rated as â€Å"moderately effective. † Owing to the fact that the program was able to reduce the calorie and fat content of food prepared in educational institutions for children by five percent. In addition to this, the target population of children to whom the budget of the program, has also increased. This means that more children have been provided balanced and nutritional meals from the program despite the set target number of children. Moreover, the government has also plans of improving the program by implementing a method of monitoring and updating the nutritional content of the foods prepared. Aside from this, the issue about equity in terms of financial matters will also be addressed, as the government is working to provide an accurate and dependable estimate of payments or expenses starting this year. (ExpectMore, 2007)

The Use Of Abbreviations In Articles

The Use Of Abbreviations In Articles The purpose of this research is to investigate what abbreviation means, what types of abbreviations appear and to state how their full forms differ in various language categories. To accomplish this goal theoretical research and analysis of political articles were done. The result of the research showed that abbreviation means reduction and there are four types of abbreviations. The meaning of reductions depend on the context and language category where it is used. Kay words: abbreviation, type, full form. Introduction Articles, journals, newspapers and all other sources of written mass media is one of the most popular ways of getting information about the current events. The text in articles is specific; it requires a concrete style of writing, includes a number of stylistic devices, abbreviations, grammatical patterns such as direct speech or free direct speech, idioms and others. All these devices are one of the branches of Lexicology (Linguistics). While dealing with stylistic devices or grammatical patterns they are more or less understandable for the reader. Though, when dealing with abbreviations not all the cases are easy to understand at once. Abbreviations can be used in different ways mostly for shortening long forms of the word or group of words. However, abbreviations can appear in the text as fixed proper or personal names of some organizations, or for members of some particular organizations. Abbreviations can follow the rules of their creation, although, the meaning of one and the s ame abbreviation can differ, depending on the language category where it is used. Thus, following the theme of the current course which is based on the politics and law the research examples are chiefly taken from political articles. The goal of the research is to investigate the use of abbreviations in political and governmental articles. The enabling objectives were collected to achieve the researchs goal: To analyze articles/newspapers; To study theory; To define what an abbreviation means; State the types of abbreviations; To find out the most common abbreviations used in political articles; To provide the examples from the articles, full forms and meanings of the used abbreviations. The research is based on a personal hypothesis, which states: the abbreviation is a wide-spread branch of Lexicology (Linguistics) that is highly used in newspaper style and articles. The methods of the research: Theoretical (the study and analysis of the term abbreviations, their types); Practical (the analysis of political articles, the analysis of the examples). Short outline of chapters: The first chapter: the chapter of definitions and theory. The second chapter: the chapter provides researched examples of abbreviations, their full forms and meanings. Review of the Literature: A great number of theoretical materials were touched upon. Therefore the author included a lot of useful dictionaries. All the theoretical parts were taken from the Linguistics Discourse. Most of the definitions were taken from Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary. In additions, a number of On-line dictionaries were reflected in the research. ABBREVIATIONS What is an Abbreviation Looking to abbreviation as a branch of Linguistics, the definition will be as follows: Abbreviation is a shortening of a word or phrase to be used to report the full form (World English Dictionary. 2009). To put such definition into one word it is possible to define the abbreviation as a reduction. However, returning back to definitions, the common explanation for the term as abbreviation, which can be found in any useful dictionary, looks like this: Abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. 2005). To put it shorter abbreviation is a reduced form. Types of Abbreviations Abbreviations as such are divided into several groups or types. According to the studies of Linguistics, there are four main kinds of abbreviations: Shortenings Contractions Initialisms Acronyms The first type is called Shortenings. Shortenings of the words or phrases usually consist of the first few letters of the full forms are spelt with capital letters (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, MP (Members of the Parliament); FCO (First Commonwealth Fund, Inc); OMG (Operation Market-Garden); CEO (Chief Executive Officer); etc. The second type of abbreviations is Contractions. Contractions are abbreviated forms in which letters from the middle of the full form have been omitted (World English Dictionary. 2009). In other words, contractions are clippings or cuttings. For example, Dr = doctor; St = Saint/Street; Zoo = Zoological garden; taxi = taxicab; etc. The next type of abbreviations is called Initialisms or semi-shortenings. Initialisms are made up of the initial letters of the words and are pronounced as separate letters (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, SIR or S.I.R. (Self Insured Retention). In addition, to this particular type of abbreviations are related world know reduced forms such as etc or (etc.) which means et cetera in a full form, p or pp, which stands for page or pages in a full form interpretation. Initailisms as previous ones can be found not only in articles, but in any kind of literature. Finally, the fourth type of abbreviations known as Acronyms. Acronyms are Initialisms that have become words in their own rights, or similar words formed from parts of several words. Acronyms are pronounced as several words rather than as a series of letters, and do not have periods. In many cases the Acronyms became the standard term and the full form is only used in explanatory contexts (World English Dictionary. 2009). For example, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). To sum up, the abbreviations mean reduction or reduced form of a word or phrase. There are four types of reduction known as Shortenings, Contractions, Initialisms and Acronyms. All these types are highly used and can be found in newspapers and magazines of different subjects. reductions in use and their meanings All the examples were taken from different articles, magazines or newspapers. Abbreviations used in political articles: Shortenings: MP Member of Parliament (Governmental) FT Future Technology; Foreign Talent (US Government) BIS Bureau of Industry and Security (US Government) DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sport (Governmental); Disaster Credit Management System (Us Government); DWP Deluxe Weapons Pack (Governmental>>Military) The same Abbreviations used in articles of different categories (Economics, Culture, Computing, Community, Medicine, etc.) Shortenings: MP Media Player (Community); Military Police (Law); Market Place (Business); Melting Point (Academic and Science). FT Full Time (Business); Football Team (Community); Field Trip (Academic and Science). BIS Bank for International Settlement (Business); Bismuth (Medicine); Business Information System (Computing); Building Industry Show (Academic and Science). DCMS Duval Country Medical Society (Medicine); Dartmouth Community Medical School (Academic and Science); Data Collection Management System (Computing); Derivatives Collateral Management Service (Business). DWP Department of Water and Power (Community); Dispensing Well Plate (Academic and Science). Contractions: Plane = Airplane Phone = Telephone Bus = Omnibus Ad = Advertisement Mag. = Magistrate; Magazine Initialisms: Abbreviations used in political articles: SIA or S.I.A. Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (Governmental) CIA or C.I.A. Central Intelligence Agency (Governmental) The same Abbreviations used in different categories: Initialisms: SIA or S.I.A. Semiconductor Industry Association (Academic and Science); Securities Industry Association (Business); Special Instructional Assistance (Community). CIA or C.I.A. Certified Internal Auditor (Business); Caught In the Act (Law); Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (Community); Curriculum Instruction and Assessment (Academic and Science); Chemotherapy Induced Alopecia (Medicine). Acronyms: NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization UN The United Nations EU The European Union Overall, all articles which were used for the research showed that a great number of abbreviations are used there. As it is seen, abbreviations are highly welcomed in newspapers style and not only one type of abbreviations but all of the four types. Almost each article which was examined has included at least one reduced form. CONCLUSION Summarizing all, the hypothesis was approved. The abbreviations are common feature for newspaper style and are highly used in articles. It is convenient for newspaper language to use reduced forms of the words in order to avoid the full name of the subjects which can length as the long sentence. Meanwhile the same abbreviations have different meanings due to the categories where they are used. theses Abbreviation means reduction or reduced form of a word or phrase There are four types of Abbreviations: Shortenings, Contractions, Initialisms, Acronyms The meaning of Abbreviation depends on the category of language Abbreviation is a common feature in newspapers style

How to Write a Synthesis Essay :: Synthesis Essays, Process Essays

A synthesis is the combination of the ideas from more than one source with your own ideas. Note that the term â€Å"idea† does not constitute an opinion. What does a successful synthesis include? ACCURACY: an accurate report of information from the sources using different phrases and sentences not found in the original text. ORGANIZATION: readers should be able to see immediately where the information from the sources overlap. INTERPRETATION: a synthesis makes sense of the sources and helps the reader understand them in greater depth. How to get started: Summarizing the main points/themes/traits of the sources you are comparing will help you organize your thoughts. You will need to decide which elements of the texts being compared are most relevant. You also need to think about your audience: what points will give your reader the best overall picture of the texts? What will be most interesting for the audience to read? Standard format: Introduction A one-sentence statement that sums up the focus of your synthesis (i.e. your thesis statement) An introduction of the titles and authors of your sources (following specific citation guidelines) Relevant background information about the authors, texts, OR the general topic from which the texts are drawn Body Each paragraph must: begin with a topic sentence include information from more than one source clearly indicate where the material comes from using lead-in phrases and in-text citations†¦BEWARE OF PLAGIARISM show similarities/differences between or among the different sources Last but NOT least: represent the texts fairly. Your job is to present what the source says, in fewer words and your own words. Using your own words does not mean that you are in any way changing what the source says.

Discuss in Detail Ways in Which Variations in the English Language Reflect the Society They Are Situated in Essay

Discuss in detail ways in which variations in the English language reflect the society they are situated in. According to Walt Wolfram, â€Å"Language sows its own seeds of change. Social context gives it the fertile ground to grow and spread.† The global spread of English has inevitably led to the formation of new varieties such as Singlish and Hinglish, which are different in their own ways. The differences among these variations, in terms of lexical choice, structure and even pronunciation, are due to the different context and needs of the societies. These include the economical incentive of English in the society, social groups and their cultural make up. The economic incentive of learning English in the society plays a big role in the type of variation that distinguishes the new Englishes from other varieties. With the affluent and powerful recognizing the importance of English to connect, be a part of the global platform and even acquire well paying jobs, the aspiring mi ddle class, who makes up the majority in any societies, would find it very lucrative to learn English, so as to be associated with them. However, in most societies where English is considered a foreign language, learning it in language school is very expensive and usually is an option for the wealthy. As a result, they would pick up bits and pieces of lexical items from the English language, and use it in their speech, maintaining the structure of their native language. An example would be Hinglish, where â€Å"my head is eating circles,† is a direct translation of † mera sir chakkar kha raha hai.’, effectively keeping the structure of Hindi. In India, majority of good Standard English speakers are from the upper class due to the exorbitant fees of the language schools. As such, the variation of English in this case reflects the economical incentives and the income gap in the society, where there is a negative association of the variety due to speakers not being able to afford the education of Standard English. In Text B(i), lexical chain pertaining to negativity is adopted to be referred to code m ixed languages. They include, â€Å"gutter- speak†, â€Å"bad† and â€Å"consequence† However, as the use of the variation used by the lower and middle class increase due to the population distribution, it might lead to the acceptance of the dialect in the whole society, then coming up with a more organized and uniform variety that most members of society would understand. This uniformity of the variety reflects the social acceptance of the variation. In Text B(i), semantic field of uniqueness is adopted to

An Overview of the Edge City Theory

An Overview of the Edge City Theory There were a hundred thousand shapes and substances of incompleteness, wildly mingled out of their places, upside down, burrowing in the earth, aspiring in the earth, moldering in the water, and unintelligible as in any dream. - Charles Dickens on London in 1848; Garreau calls this quote the best one-sentence description of Edge City extant. Theyre called suburban business districts, major diversified centers, suburban cores, minicities, suburban activity centers, cities of realms, galactic cities, urban subcenters, pepperoni-pizza cities, superburbia, technoburbs, nucleations, disurbs, service cities, perimeter cities, peripheral centers, urban villages, and suburban downtowns but the name thats now most commonly used for places that the foregoing terms describe is edge cities. The term edge cities was coined by Washington Post journalist and author Joel Garreau in his 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Garreau equates the growing edge cities at major suburban freeway interchanges around America as the latest transformation of how we live and work. These new suburban cities have sprung up like dandelions across the fruited plain, theyre home to glistening office towers, huge retail complexes, and are always located close to major highways. The archetypal edge city is Tysons Corner, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C. Its located near the junctions of Interstate 495 (the D.C. beltway), Interstate 66, and Virginia 267 (the route from D.C. to Dulles International Airport). Tysons Corner wasnt much more than a village a few decades ago but today its home to the largest retail area on the east coast south of New York City (that includes Tysons Corner Center, home to six anchor department stores and over 230 stores in all), over 3,400 hotel rooms, over 100,000 jobs, over 25 million square feet of office space. Yet Tysons Corner is a city without a local civic government; much of it lies in unincorporated Fairfax County. Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown)The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes)The place is known as a single end destination (the place has it all; entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.)The area must not have been anything like a city 30 years ago (cow pastures would have been nice) Garreau identified 123 places in a chapter of his book called The List as being true edge cities and 83 up-and-coming or planned edge cities around the country. The List included two dozen edge cities or those in progress in greater Los Angeles alone, 23 in metro Washington, D.C., and 21 in greater New York City. Garreau speaks to the history of the edge city: Edge Cities represent the third wave of our lives pushing into new frontiers in this half century. First, we moved our homes out past the traditional idea of what constituted a city. This was the suburbanization of America, especially after World War II. Then we wearied of returning downtown for the necessities of life, so we moved our marketplaces out to where we lived. This was the malling of America, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to the rise of Edge City. (p. 4)